// Antimicrobial drugs are used to treat bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Accordingly, these types of drugs fall into one of 3 categories - antibiotics, antifungals, or antiviral medications. The emergence of drug-resistant infections (antimicrobial resistance) is a global he...

Dogs love to play fetch and tennis balls are commonly thrown by their owners. The problem?The fuzz on the ball (and the way that dogs chew on the ball) acts like a bench grinder. This can cause teeth to wear down rapidly.   The anterior teeth of this dog demonstrate "abrasion" - significa...

Determination of a dog's ability to see or the quality of its vision is not always straightforward. There are varying degrees of vision loss and many causes for reduced vision. Some causes may be apparent during the course of a cursory examination, and in other instances may require a detailed exam...

// //   Owners of pets with chronic or terminal illnesses commonly ask veterinary professionals - how will I know when it's time? Meaning, how will they know when it is time to consider humane euthanasia to end a pet's suffering?Most professionals are proficient in guiding and advising...

In the world of canine reproduction the factors that contribute to male fertility are largely unknown. Although semen evaluation is standard practice in any Breeding Soundness Evaluation, the relationship between a dog's semen quality and his fertility is poorly understood.  A male of any speci...

Pyometra is the most common disease of the uterus affecting intact female dogs and cats. The incidence in dogs has been reported to range from 9-15.2%, with older nulliparous bitches (those that have never given birth) at greatest risk. Dogs with pyometra develop an infection of the uterus due to c...

Dogs that develop unusual infections or infections that are recurring or persistent and unresponsive to antimicrobial therapy likely suffer from a hereditary (primary) immunodeficiency disorder. Immunodeficiencies represent a large heterogeneous group of dysfunctions of the host's immune system whic...

Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurologic disorder of dogs and manifests as focal or generalized seizure activity. Affected dogs may also exhibit other behavioral problems (ADHD-like including anxiety, aggression, poor trainability). The condition can develop due to a genetic predispo...